ANTHROPOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL HEALTH


ANTHROPOLOGY 377/PH 497 Pamela Erickson, Dr. P.H., Ph.D. 
Spring 2003 Office: 431 Beach Hall
447A Beach Hall Seminar Room, Storrs Campus Phone: 486-1736 
6-9 p.m. Wednesdays  pamela.erickson@uconn.edu

Course Description and Objectives

This course examines the role of anthropology in international health.  Special attention is paid to major causes of morbidity and mortality, population issues, maternal and child health, nutrition, infectious diseases and epidemiology, health care infrastructure, underdevelopment, and emerging health issues.  The course will be conducted in seminar style.  Active participation and contribution to class discussion are expected of all students.

Assignments and Evaluation

Your grade will be based on preparation for and participation in class (50%), short assignments (20%), and a term paper (30%).  There will be no formal examinations.

Class Participation:  Students will be evaluated for their familiarity with required readings, their preparation and leadership on individual assignments, and their general class participation.  Individual readings: For most class sessions, one or more readings will be assigned to or claimed by students who have a special interest in the topic.  These students will be responsible for a thorough reading and evaluation of the assigned reading.  A short 1-3 page synopsis and critique of the reading is due at the class period prior to discussion of the reading.  These synopses will be duplicated for distribution so that class members can read them prior to the seminar in which the readings will be discussed.  Students who wrote the synopses will present the material in class and lead discussion.  Depending on class size, students can anticipate presenting 3-5 times over the semester.

Term Paper: A paper 15-20 pages in length (typed, double-spaced) is required.  Students will select a topic or issue relevant to anthropology and international health and will provide an overview of current anthropological activity in that area.  Please clear your your topic with me by April 2.  All papers are due on the last day of class, April 30, when students will present a short summary of their research to the class.
 

BOOKS AND READINGS

Required Books

1. Basch, Paul F.  Textbook of International Health  1999.  New York: Oxford University Press.

2. Tsui, Amy O., Judith N. Wasserheit, and John G. Haaga (eds.)  1997.  Reproductive Health in Developing Countries.  Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

3. Howard, Mary  and Ann V. Millard  1997.   Hunger and Shame. Child Malnutrition and Poverty on Mount Kilimanjaro.  New York: Routledge.

4. World Population Data Sheet 2002.  Population Reference Bureau.

Recommended Books

1. Chin, James, M.D., M.P.H. (ed.)   2000.  Control of Communicable Diseases Manual.  17th Edition. American Public Health Association.  Anyone interested in field work in less developed areas should own this book for reference.

2. Helman, Cecil G.  2001.  Culture, Health, and Illness. 4th ed. London: Arnold.  This book is written for health care practitioners and clearly explains the relevance of culture to health.

3. Mann, Jonathon M.,et al. (eds.)  1999.  Health and Human Rights.  New York: Routledge.

4. Williams, Cicely D., Naomi Baumslag, and Derrick B. Jelliffe  1994.  Mother and Child Health.  Delivering the Services.  3rd Edition.  New York: Oxford University Press.   A classic text on maternal and child health in the developing world.
 

Required books can be purchased at the UCONN COOP and the Health Center book store and are also on reserve at the Homer Babbidge Library and the Health Sciences Library.

Readings which are not in textbooks will be starred (*) and Xerox copies will be made available in both libraries for your use.
 
 
 

CLASS SCHEDULE
 
1.  JANUARY 22 Organizational Meeting
2.  JANUARY 29  Biases and World Views
Introduction to International Health and Anthropology
3.  FEBRUARY 5 Measuring Health: Morbidity, Mortality, and Epidemiology
4.  FEBRUARY 12 Social Context of Illness
5.  FEBRUARY 19 Environment and Infectious Disease
6.  FEBRUARY 26 Women’s Health, Family Planning, and Maternal-Infant Health
7.  MARCH 5 Child Health and Hunger
8.  MARCH 12 Chronic Disease, Injury, and Mental Health
9.  MARCH 19 - NO CLASS Spring Break - no class
Society for Applied Anthropology Meetings in Portland, OR
10. MARCH 26 Political Economy, Globalization, and Development
 
11. APRIL 2
Clear paper topics with me.		 Health Sector Considerations
12. APRIL 9 Complex Humanitarian Emergencies (CHE)
13. APRIL 16 Violence and Terrorism
14.  APRIL 23 Health and Human Rights
Future Prospects For World Health
15.  APRIL 30 
Term papers due.		 Student Term Paper Presentations

 
 
 

READINGS AND ASSIGNMENTS

The readings for each week will be discussed in class on that date and should be read before the class meets.  Student Readings will be assigned to individual class members for summary and presentation. * Indicates xerox copy available.
 
 

WEEK 1.         JANUARY 22          ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING

Readings:

Paul F. Basch, Introduction, pp. i1-10.

Assignment: Personal Biases and World Views
Take the quiz on pp. 1-2  in Basch.  Write a short essay (2-5 pages typed and double-spaced) explaining why you answered as you did and outlining your personal perspective on health and the world in general (see pp. 1-10).  Assignment (essays and quizzes) due in class 1/29/03.
 
 
 

WEEK 2.        JANUARY 29        BIASES AND WORLD VIEWS - class discussion
                                                    INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND ANTHROPOLOGY

Readings:

Paul F. Basch,  Historical Background, pp. 11-72.

*  Robert A. Hahn,  Anthropology and the Enhancement of Public Health Practice, pp. 3-24.

* Cecil G Helman,  Introduction: The Scope of Medical Anthropology, pp. 1-11.

* John B. McKinlay and Lisa D. Marceau   2000.  To Boldly Go…  AJPH 90(1):25-33.

Student Presentations (3):

* Hans A. Baer, Merrill Singer, and Ida Susser   Part I. What is Medical Anthropology About?

       Chapter 1, Medical Anthropology:Central Concepts and Development, pp. 3-19.

       Chapter 2, Theoretical Perspectives in Medical Anthropology,  pp. 20-36.

* Sandra D. Lane  and Robert A. Rubenstein  1996.  International Health: Problems and Programs in Anthropological Perspective, in Sargent and Johnson (eds.), pp. 396-423.
 
 

WEEK 3.         FEBRUARY 5        MEASURING HEALTH: MORBIDITY, MORTALITY, AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

Readings:

Paul F. Basch
        What We Want to Know, pp. 73-113.
        From Data to Information to Decisions, pp. 114-142.

* Cecil G. Helman, Cultural Factors in Epidemiology, pp. 218-229.

* David A. Savitz, Charles Poole, and William C. Miller   1999.  Reassessing the Role of Epidemiology in Public Health.  AJPH 89(8): 1158-1161.

* Nancy Krieger  1999.  Questioning Epidemiology: Objectivity, Advocacy, and Socially Responsible Science.  AJPH 89(8): 1151-1152.

Student Presentations (3):

*William R.  True,  Epidemiology and Medical Anthropology, in Sargent and Johnson (eds.), pp. 325-346..

* Marcia C. Inhorn, Medical Anthropology and Epidemiology: Divergences or Convergences?  Social Science and Medicine 40(3):285-290, 1995.

* Christopher J.L. Murray and Lincoln C. Chen,  Dynamics and Patterns of Mortality Change,  in Chen, Kleinman, and Ware (eds.), pp.3-24.
 
 
 

WEEK 4.      FEBRUARY 12      CONTEXT OF ILLNESS

Readings:

Paul F. Basch, Context of Illness, pp. 143-168.

* Fink, Sheri   2002.  International Efforts Spotlight Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine.  AJPH 92(11):734-1739.

* George M. Foster  An Introduction to Ethnomedicine, in  Bannerman, et al. (eds.), pp. 17-24.

* Cecil G. Helman, Caring and Curing: The Sectors of Health Care, pp. 50-78.

* James C. Riley, Ch. 3, Medicine, in Riley 2001,  pp.81-121.

* Susan C. Scrimshaw,  Culture, Behavior, and Health, in Merson, et al. (eds.), pp. 53-78.

* Editorials on T/CAM in AJPH 92(10):1561-1567.

Student Presentations:
 
 
 

WEEK 5.      FEBRUARY 19           ENVIRONMENT AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Readings:

Paul F. Basch, Environmental and Biological Setting, pp. 235-294.
       Three Diseases, pp. 355-376.

* Marcia C. Inhorn and Peter J. Brown, The Anthropology of Infectious Disease,  in Inhorn and Brown (eds.), pp. 31-67.

* Peter Brown and Marcia Inhorn, Disease, Ecology, and Human Behavior, in Sargent and Johnson (eds.), pp. 183-218.

* Peter J. Brown  Culture and the Global Resurgence of Malaria, in Inhorn and Brown (eds.), pp. 119- 141.

* Paul E. Farmer, David A. Walton, and Jennifer J. Furin,  The Changing Face of AIDS: Implications for Policy and Practice, in Mayer and Pizer (eds) The Emergence of AIDS, pp. 139-161.

Student Presentations:

* In Hahn (ed.), Anthropology in Public Health, 1999.
 
 

    Peter J. Winch,  The Role of Anthropological Methods in a Community-Based Mosquito Net Intervention in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania, pp. 44-62.

    Edward C. Green,  Engaging Indigenous African Healers in the Prevention of AIDS and STDs, pp. 63-83.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

WEEK 6.      FEBRUARY 26         CHRONIC DISEASE, INJURY, AND MENTAL HEALTH

Readings:

* David V. McQueen, et al.  Chronic Diseases and Injury, pp. 293-330 in Merson, et al. (eds.), International Public Health, 2001.

* Gary L. Albrecht and Lois M. Verbrugge  The Global Emergence of Disability, pp. 293- 307 in Albrecht, et al. (eds.) Handbook of Social Studies in Health and Medicine, 2000.

* In Koop, et al. (eds.), Critical Issues in Global Health, 2001.

        Goldstein, Bernard D.    Environmental and Occupational Health, pp. 170-179.

        McMichael, Anthony J. and Alistair Woodward   Environmental Health, pp. 180-187.

* Vikram Patel,  Poverty, Inequality and Mental Health in Developing Countries, pp. 247-262 in David Leon and Gill Walt (eds.), Poverty, Inequality, and Health. An International Perspective, 2001.

Student Presentations:

* In Hahn (ed.), Anthropology in Public Health, 1999.

    Leo R. Chavez, et al.  Ethnography and Breast Cancer Control among Latinas and Anglo Women in Southern California, pp. 117-141.

    Roberta L. Hall, et al.  A Policy Approach to Reducing Cancer Risk in Northwest Indian Tribes, pp. 142-162.

    Judith C. Barker, Road Warriors: Driving Behaviors on a Polynesian Island, pp. 211-234.

    Linda M. Hunt, et al., Balancing Risks and Resources: Applying Pesticides without Using Protective Equipment in Southern Mexico, pp. 235-254.

* Mark Nichter and Elizabeth Cartwright,   Saving the Children for the Tobacco Industry, pp. 422-433 in Brown, (ed.),  Understanding and Applying Medical Anthropology, 1998.
 
 
 

WEEK 7.      MARCH 5         WOMEN’S HEALTH, SEX, FAMILY PLANNING, AND MATERNAL-INFANT HEALTH

Readings:

Paul F. Basch, Infant and Maternal Mortality, pp. 134-163.

Amy O. Tsui, Judith N. Wasserheitm and John G. Haaga (eds.), pp. 20-231.
    Healthy Sexuality, pp. 20-39.
    Infection-Free Sex and Reproduction, pp. 40-84.
    Intended Births, pp. 85-115.
    Healthy Pregnancy and Childbearing, pp. 116- 145.
    Program Design and Implementation, pp. 146-177.
    Costs, Financing, and Setting Priorities, pp. 178-231.

* National Research Council, 1989.  Contraception and Reproduction, pp. 1-3.

Student Presentations:

* John Bongaarts  Trends in Unwanted Childbearing in the Developing World.  Studies in Family Planning, 1997, 28(4): 267-277.

* Leslie Doyal,  Women’s Movements for Health, in  What Makes Women Sick? Gender and the Political Economy of Health, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, pp. 197-233.

* Stanley K. Henshaw   1990.  Induced Abortion: A World Review.  Family Planning Perspectives 22(2):76-89.

* Lee Ann Hoff,  Interpersonal Violence, pp. 260-271 in Koop, et al. (eds.), Critical Issues in Global Health, 2001.

* Sandra Lane and Donald A. Cibula   Gender and Health, pp. 136-153 in Albrecht, et al. (eds.)
Handbook of Social Studies in Health and Medicine, 2000.

* Michael Paolisso and Joanne Leslie, Meeting the Changing Health Needs of Women in Developing Countries, Social Science and Medicine, 1995, 40(1):55-65.

* Helena Ragoné and Sharla K. Willis   Reproduction and Assisted Reproductive Technologies, pp. 308-322 in Albrecht, et al. (eds.) Handbook of Social Studies in Health and Medicine, 2000.

* John A. Ross and W. Parker Mauldin, Family Planning Programs: Efforts and Results, 1972-94, Studies in Family Planning 27(3):137-147.

* Susan C.M. Scrimshaw 1984. Infanticide in Human Populations: Societal and Individual Concerns. In G.Hansfater and S. Hrdy (eds.)
 
 

WEEK 8.      MARCH 12      CHILD HEALTH AND HUNGER

Readings:

Mary Howard and Ann V. Millard,  Hunger and Shame. Child Malnutrition and Poverty on Mount Kilimanjaro, New York: Routledge, 1997.

* Williams, Baumsleg, and Jelliffe
             Common Problems in Children, pp.112-139.

* Claudio F. Lanata,  Children's Health in Developing Countries, pp. 135-158 in Leon and Walt (eds.)  Poverty, Inequality, and Health, 2001.

* Keith P. West, Benjamin Caballero, and Robert E. Black   Nutrition, pp. 207-291 in Merson, et al. (eds.), International Public Health, 2001.

Student Presentations:

* Roger W. Blum, Global Trends in Adolescent Health. JAMA 265(20):2711-2719, 1991.

* Marcia Griffiths and Michael Favin, Cultural Tailoring in Indonesia's National Nutritional Improvement Program, pp. 182-207 in Hahn (ed.) Anthropology in Public Health.

* Mark Nichter and Mimi Nichter,  Health Social Science Research on the Study of Diarrheal Disease: A Focus on Dysentery, pp. 111-171 in Nichter and Nichter, Anthropology and International Health, 1996.

* Mark Nichter and Mimi Nichter,  Acute Respiratory Illness: Popular Health Culture and Mother's Knowledge in the Philippines, pp. 173-200 in  Nichter and Nichter, Anthropology and International Health, 1996.

* Victor Sidel,  Editorial: The Public Health Impact of Hunger.   AJPH 87(12):1921-1922.
 

WEEK 9.    MARCH 19   SPRING BREAK - NO CLASS
 

WEEK 10.     MARCH 26        POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INTERNATIONAL HEALTH

Readings:

* Nancy Adler, et al.  Socioeconomic Status and Health: The Challenge of the Gradient, pp. 181-201.in Mann, et al. (eds.), Health and Human Rights, 1999.

* Hans A. Baer, Merrill Singer, and Ida Susser, Biomedical Hegemony in the Context of Medical Pluralism, pp. 207-227.

* David A. Leon and Gill Walt, Poverty, Inequality, and Health in International Perspective: A Divided World?, pp. 1-16  in Leon and Walt (eds.)  Poverty, Inequality, and Health, 2001.

* Paul Farmer   1999.  Pathologies of Power: Rethinking Health and Human Rights.  AJPH 89(10):1486-1496.

* Maureen Mackintosh,  Do Health Care Systems Contribute to Inequalities?, pp. 175-193 in Leon and Walt (eds.)  Poverty, Inequality, and Health, 2001.

* Stephen P. Marks  1999.  Economic Sanctions as Human Rights Violations: Reconciling Political and Public Health Imperatives.  AJPH 89(10):1509-1513.

* Michael R. Reich,  The Political Economy of Health Transitions in the Third World, in Chen, et al., pp. 413-451.

* Jennifer Prah Ruger, et al.  Health and the Economy, pp. 617-666 in Merson, et al. (eds.), International Public Health, 2001.

* Victor W. Sidel  1999. Can Sanctions Be Sanctioned? AJPH 89(10): 1497-1498.
 
 
 

WEEK 11.      APRIL 2       GLOBALIZATION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

Readings:

Paul F. Basch, Development and Health, pp. 164-199.
    Primary Health Care, pp. 200-234.
    Policy and Planning, pp. 263-288.
    Comparing National Health Care Systems,  pp.289-325.

* Stephen J. Kunitz    2000.  Globalization, States, and the Health of Indigenous Peoples, AJPH 90(10):1531-1539.

* Mark Nichter,  Project Community Diagnosis: Participatory Research as a First Step toward Community Involvement in Primary Health Care, pp. 300-324 in Hahn (ed.), Anthropology in Public Health, 1999.

* Gill Walt, Global Cooperation in International Public Health, pp. 667-699 in Merson, et al. (eds.), International Public Health, 2001.

Student Presentations:

* Derek Yach and Douglas Bettcher,  The Globalization of Public Health, I: Threats and Opportunities, AJPH 88(5):735-738.

* Derek Yach and Douglas Bettcher,  The Globalization of Public Health, II: The Convergence of Self-Interest and Altruism, AJPH 88(5):738-741.

* Comments on Globalization by Vicente Navarro and Milton I. Roemer, AJPH 88(5):742-744.

* George A. Silver, Editorial: International Health Services Need an Interorganizational Policy, AJPH 88(5):727-729.
 
 
 
 

WEEK 12.      APRIL 9      COMPLEX HUMANITARIAN EMERGENCIES

Readings:

* Ronald Waldman and Gerald Martone  Public Health and Complex Emergencies: New Issues, New Conditions.  AJPH 89(10):1483-1485.

* Michael J. Toole, Ronald J. Waldman, and Anthony B. Zwi   Complex Humanitarian Emergencies, pp. 439-513 in Merson, et al. (eds.), International Public Health, 2001.

Student Presentations:

* In Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel (eds.)  War and Public Health, 2000.

    William H. Foege,  Arms and Public Health: A Global Perspective, pp. 3-11.

    Richard M. Garfield and Alfred I. Neugut, The Human Consequences of War, pp. 27-38.

    Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel, The Impact of Military Activities on Civilian       Populations, pp. 149-167.

    Mary-Wynne Ashford and Yolanda Huet-Vaughn, The Impact of War on Women, pp. 186-196.

    Michael J. Toole, Displaced Persons and War, pp. 197-212.

    Leland Miles, Education for Peace, pp. 323-335.

    Barry S. Levy and Victor W. Sidel, Preventing War and Its Health Consequences:  Roles of Public Health Professionals, pp. 388-393.

* Linda Green,  Lived Lives and Social Suffering: Problems and Concerns in Medical Anthropology, Medical Anthropology Quarterly 12(1):3-7.

* Janis H. Jenkins, The Medical Anthropology of Political Violence: A Cultural and Feminist Agenda, Medical Anthropology Quarterly 12(1): 122-131.
 
 
 

WEEK 13.     APRIL 16         HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Readings:

* In Jonathan M. Mann, et al. (eds.)    1999.  Health and Human Rights.

    Health and Human Rights, pp. 5-20.

    Human Rights: An Introduction, pp. 21-28.

    The Public Health - Human Rights Dialogue, pp. 46-53.

    Toward the Development of a Human Rights Impact Assessment for the Formulation and
        Evaluation of Public Health Policies, pp. 54-71.

    Medicine and Public Health, Ethics and Human Rights, pp.  439-452.

Student Presentations:

*  In Jonathan M. Mann, et al. (eds.)    1999.  Health and Human Rights.

    Ethnic Cleansing and Other Lies: Combining Health and Human Rights in the Search for Truth and Justice in the Former Yugoslavia, pp. 83-105.

    Rights Violations in the Ecuadorian Amazon: The  Human Consequences of Oil Development, pp. 130-144.

    Censorship and Manipulation of Family Planning Information: An Issue of Human Rights and Women's Health, pp. 145-180.

    Human Rights and AIDS: The Future of the Pandemic, pp. 216-226.

    Human Rights and Human Genetic Variation Research, pp. 380-394.

    Medical Humanitarianism and Human Rights: Reflections on Doctors Without Borders and Doctors of the World, pp. 417-435.
 
 
 

WEEK. 14.   APRIL 23          FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR WORLD HEALTH

AAA Meetings in Washington, D.C., November 28 - December 2.

Readings:

Gro Harlem Brundtland   2001.  The Future of the World's Health, pp. 3-11 in Koop, et al. (eds.), Critical Issues in Global Health, 2001.

Student Presentations:

* In Koop, et al. (eds.), Critical Issues in Global Health, 2001.

    Africa, pp. 12-20.

    Latin America and the Caribbean, pp. 21-28.

    Eastern Mediterranean Region, pp. 29-36.

    Europe, pp. 37-46.

    Western Pacific, pp. 47-55.

    People's Republic of China, pp. 56-61.

    India, pp. 62-70.

    Russian Federation, pp. 71-79.

    United States, pp. 80-90.

    Mexico, pp. 91-100.

    Canada, pp. 101-108.
 
 

WEEK 15.      APRIL 30       STUDENT PRESENTATIONS
                                             Term papers due
 
 
 

BOOKS REFERENCED IN  READINGS

Albrecht, Gary L.,  Ray Fitzparick, and Susan C. Scrimshaw (eds.)  2000.  The Handbook of Social Studies in Health and Medicine, SAGE.Publications.

Baer, Hans A., Merrill Singer, and Ida Susser  1997.  Medical Anthropology and the World System. A Critical Perspective.  Bergin & Garvey.

Bannerman, Robert, J. Burton, and Ch'en Wen-Chieh (eds.)  1983. Traditional Medicine and Health Care Coverage.  Geneva: World Health Organization.

Brown, Peter J. (ed.)   1998.  Understanding and Applying Medical Anthropology.  Mayfield Publishing Company.

Chen, Lincoln C.  Arthur Kleinman, and Norma C. Ware  1994.  Health and Social Change in International Perspective.  Harvard University Press.

Coreil, Jeannine and J. Dennis Mull (eds.)  1990. Anthropology and Primary Health Care, Boulder: Westview Press.

Doyal, Leslie   1995.  What Makes Women Sick? Gender and the Political Economy of Health, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Evans, Robert G., Morris L. Barer, and Theodore R. Marmor (eds.),  1994.  Why Are Some People Healthy and Others Not?  The Determinants of Health of Populations, New York: Aldine De Gruyter.

Hahn, Robert A.  1999.  Anthropology in Public Health. Bridging Differences in Culture and Society.  New York: Oxford University Press.

Helman, Cecil G.  1994. Culture, Health, and Illness. 3rd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Hill, Carole E. (ed.)  1991. Training Manual in Applied Medical Anthropology.  Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association.

Inhorn, Marcia C. and Peter J. Brown   1997.  The Anthropology of Infectious Disease. International health Perspectives.  Gordon and Breach Publishers.

Johnson, Thomas M. and Carolyn F. Sargent (eds.)  1990.  Medical Anthropology. Contemporary Theory and Method.  New York: Praeger.

Koop, C. Everett, Clarence E. Pearson, and M. Roy Schwartz  (eds.)   2001.  Critical Issues in Global Health.  San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. A Wiley Company.

Leon, David and Gill Walt  (eds.)   2001.  Poverty, Inequality, and Health. An International Perspective. Oxford University Press.

Levy, Barry S. and Victor W. Sidel (eds.)  2000.  War and Public Health, Updated Edition. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association.

Mayer, Kenneth H. and H.F. Pizer (eds.)   2000.  The Emergence of AIDS. The Impact on Immunology, Microbiology, and Public Health.   Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association.

Merson, Michael H., Robert E. Black, and Anne J. Mills   2001.  International Public Health. Diseases, Programs, Systems, and Policies.  Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, Inc.

National Research Council   1989.   Contraception and Reproduction. Health Consequences for Women in the Developing World.  Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Nichter, Mark and Mimi Nichter  1996.  Anthropology and International Health. Asian Case Studies.  Gordon and Breach Publishers.

Nichter, Mark (ed.)  1992. Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Ethnomedicine.  Gordon and Breach Science Publishers.

Paul, Benjamin D. (ed.)  1955.  Health, Culture, and Community.  Case Studies of Public Reactions to Health Programs.

Riley, James C.  2001.  Rising Life Expectancy. A Global History.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Williams, Cicely D., Naomi Baumslag, and Derrick B. Jelliffe  1994.  Mother and Child Health.  Delivering the Services.  3rd Edition.  New York: Oxford University Press