Key Readings in Methods
Fall 1998
 
Classics
Boas, Franz
1894 Indianische Sagen von der Nord-Pacifischen Kuste Amerikas. Berlin: Asher.

Tylor, Edward B.
1889 On a Method of Investigating the Development of Institutions; Applied to Laws of Marriage and Descent. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institution of Great Britain and Ireland 18:245-272.
Some History
Boas, Franz
1932 The Aims of Anthropological Research. Science 76:605-613.

Driver, Harold
1938 The Reliability of Culture Element Data. Culture Elements Distributions: VIII Anthropological Records 1:4 Berkeley: Univ of California Press.

1962 The Contribution of A.L. Kroeber to Culture Area Theory and Practice. International Journal of American Linguistics Vol. 28, No. 2, Memoir 18.

1965 Survey of Numerical Classification in Anthropology. In The Use of Computers in Anthropology, edited by Dell Hymes. Pp. 301-344. The Hague: Mouton.

1970 Statistical Studies of Continuous Geographical Distributions. In Handbook on Methods in Anthropology, Raoull Naroll and Ronald Cohen, eds. Garden City: Natural History Press.

Driver, Harold E., and A.L. Kroeber
1932 Quantitative Expression of Cultural Relationships. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31:211-256.

Driver, Harold E. and Karl F. Scheussler
1957 Factor Analysis of Ethnographic Data. American Anthropologist 59:655-663.

Goodenough, Ward H.
1944 A Technique for Scale Analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement 4:179-190.

Murdock, George Peter
1949 Social Structure. NY: Free Press.
General
Armenian, H.K., ed.
1994 Case-Control Methods. Epidemiologic Reviews 16: special issue.

Bernard, H. Russell
1995  Research Methods in Anthropology. 2nd edition. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

 Bernard, H. Russell, ed.
1998 Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

Bidney, David
1944 The Concept of Culture and Some Cultural Fallacies. American Anthropologist 46: 30-44.
1953 Theoretical Anthropology. NY: Columbia University Press.

Brown, Robert .
1963 Explanation in Social Science. Chicago: Aldine.

Campbell, Donald T.
1970 Natural Selection as an Epistemological Model. In A Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology. Raoul Naroll and Ronald Cohen, eds. Garden City: Natural History Press.

Hanson, Norwood Russell
1958 Patterns of Discovery. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Hemple, Carl G.
1965 Aspects of Scientific Explanation. NY: Free Press.

Jorgensen, Joseph G.
1971 On Ethics and Anthropology. Current Anthropology 12:321-334, 350-357.
1995 Ethnicity, Not Culture? Obfuscating Social Science in the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Case. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 19:1-124.

Kelsey, J.L., W.D. Thompson, and A.S. Evans
1986 Methods in Observational Epidemiology. NY: Oxford Univ. Press.

Kleinbaum, David G., L.L Kupper, and H. Morgenstern
1982  Epidemiologic Research.  NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Kuhn, Thomas S.
1962 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.

McEwan, Peter J.M.
1963 Forms and Problems of Validation in Anthropological Research. Current Anthropology 4:155-183.

Murdock, George Peter
1971 Anthropology's Mythology. The Huxley Memorial Lecture 1971. RAI.

Popper, Karl
1934 [1959] The Logic of Scientific Discovery. NY: Harper & Row.
1979 Objective Knowledge. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Schweizer, Tomas
1998  Epistemology: The Nature and Validation of Anthropological Knowledge.  In  Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, H.R. Bernard, ed.  Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

Shweder, Richard A.
1977 Likeness and Likelihood in Everyday Thought. Current Anthropology 18:637-58.

Tooby, J. and L. Cosmides
1992 The Psychological Foundations of Culture. In The Adapted Mind, J.H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, and J. Tooby, eds. Pp. 19-136. NY: Oxford Univ. Press.
Research Design
Handwerker, W. Penn
ms  Quick Ethnography.

Johnson, Jeffrey C.
1998  Research Design and Research Strategies.  In  Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, H.R. Bernard, ed.  Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

Experimental Design
Campbell, D.T. and Stanley, J.C.
1966  Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research. Chicago: Rand-McNally.

 Cook, T.D, and Campbell, D.T.
1979 Quasi-Experimentation. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.

Fisher, R.A.
1935 The Design of Experiments. London: Oliver & Boyd.

Research Proposal Design
Plattner, Stuart
1992 Anthropology Grant Proposal Handbook. CAM 4:6-12.
Data Collection
Interviews, Observations, and Fieldnotes
deWalt, Kathleen M. and Billie R. DeWalt
1998  Participant Observation.  In  Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, H.R. Bernard, ed.  Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

Emerson, R.M., R.I. Fretz, and L.L. Shaw
1995 Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Johnson, Allen, and Orna R. Johnson
1990 Quality into Quantity: On the Measurement Potential of Ethnographic Fieldnotes. In Fieldnotes: The Making of Anthropology, R. Sanjek, ed. Pp. 161-186. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Johnson, Allen, and Ross Sackett
1998  Direct Systematic Observation of Behavior.  In  Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, H.R. Bernard, ed.  Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

Levy, Robert I., and D.W. Hollan
1998  Person-Centered Interviewing and Observation.  In  Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, H.R. Bernard, ed.  Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

Historical Data Collection
Bretell, Caroline B.
1998  Methods and Sources in Historical Anthropology.  In  Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, H.R. Bernard, ed.  Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

Tuchman, Gaye
1994 Historical Social Science. In Handbook of Qualitative Research, N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln, eds. Pp 306-323 Newbury Park: Sage.

Sampling & Surveys: Cultural Data
Handwerker, W. Penn
1998 Consensus Analysis: The Construction and Use of Sampling Frames for Valid and Reliable Research Findings. In Using Methods in the Field: A Practical Introduction and Casebook, V.C. DeMunk and E.J. Sobo, eds. Pp. 165-178. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

Handwerker, W. Penn, and Danielle F. Wozniak
1997 Sampling Strategies for Cultural Data: An Extension of Boas's Answer to Galton's Problem. Current Anthropology 38:869-875

Johnson, Jeffrey C.
1990 Selecting Ethnographic Informants. Qualitative Research Methods Series 22. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Sampling & Surveys: Life Experience Data
Altmann, Jeanne
1974 Observational Study of Behavior: Sampling Methods. Behavior 49-50:227-265.

Baksh, Michael
1989/1990 The Spot Observations Technique in Time Allocation Research. CAM 1(2):1-3; 2(2):6-7; 2(3):4-7

Bernard, H.R. and P.D. Killworth
199? Sampling in Time Allocation Research. Ethnology 207-215.

Borgerhoff Mulder, Monique, and T.M. Caro
1985 The Use of Quantitative Observational Techniques in Anthropology. Current Anthropology 26:323-335.

Buckland, S.T., D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham, and J.L. Laake
1993 Distance Sampling. London: Chapman & Hall.

Chick, Garry
1994 Experience Sampling in Anthropological Research. CAM 6:4-6.

Fienberg, Stephen E. and Judith M. Tanur
1989 Combining Cognitive and Statistical Approaches to Survey Design. Science 243:1017-1022.

Handwerker, W. Penn
1993 Simple Random Samples of Regional Populations. CAM 5(1): 12.

Kish, Leslie.
1963 Survey Sampling. NY: John Wiley.

Kolata, Gina
1987 How to ask about sex and get honest answers. Science 236:382-383.

 McCarty, Christopher
1995 How to Contract a Telephone Survey. CAM 7:9-10.

Sudman, Seymour, Monroe G. Sirken, Charles D. Cowan
1988 Sampling Rare and Elusive Populations. Science 240:991-996.

Structured Interviews
Boster, James P.
1994 The Successive Pile Sort. CAM 6:11-12.
1998 Why Proximity Data. www.

Burton, Michael L. and Sara B. Nerlove
1976  Balance Designs for Triads Tests: Two Examples from English.  Social Science Research 5:247-267.

Weber, L.R., A. Miracle, and T. Skehan
1994 Interviewing Early Adolescents: Some Methodological Considerations. Human Organization 53:42-47.

Weller, S.C. and Romney, A.K.
1988 Systematic Data Collection. Qualitative Research Methods Series 10. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications

Weller, S.C.
1998  Structured Interviewing and Questionnaire Construction.  In  Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, H.R. Bernard, ed.  Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
Data Analysis
Handwerker, W. Penn and Stephen P. Borgatti
1998 Reasoning with Numbers. In A Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, H.R. Bernard, ed. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.

Binary or Categorical Dependent Variables
Aldrich, J.H. & Nelson, F.D.
1984 Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

 Handwerker, W. Penn
1998 Logistic Regresssion: Drug Use in Barbados. CAM 10:21-28.

Hosmer, D.W., and Lemeshow, S
1989 Applied Logistic Regression. New York: John Wiley.

Steinberg, Dan, and Phillip Colla.
1991 LOGIT: A Supplementary module for SYSTAT. Evanston: SYSTAT, Inc.

Cluster Analysis
Aldenderfer, M.S., and R.K. Blashfield
1984  Cluster Analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

 Sokal, R.R., and P.H.A. Sneath
1963 Principals of Numerical Taxonomy. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

Sneath, P.H.A., and R.R. Sokal
1973 Numerical Taxonomy. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.

Consensus Analysis
Romney, A.K., S.C. Weller, and W.H. Batchelder
1986 Culture as Consensus. American Anthropologist 88:313-338.

Romney, A.K., W.H. Batchelder, and S.C. Weller
1987  Recent Applications of Cultural Consensus Theory.  American Behavioral Scientist 31:163-177.

Weller, S.C.
1987 Shared Knowledge, Intracultural Variation, and Knowledge Aggregation. American Behavioral Scientist 31:178-193.

Weller, S.C. and N.C. Mann
1997  Assessing Rater Performance Without a "Gold Standard" Using Consensus Theory.  Medical Decision Making 17:71-79.

Correspondence Analysis
Greenacre, Michael J.
1984 Theory and Applications of Correspondence Analysis. NY: Academic Press.

Weller, S.C. and Romney, A.K.
19?? Correspondence Analysis. Qualitative Research Methods Series 10. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications

Factor Analysis
Harman, H.H.
1976 Modern Factor Analysis. 3rd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Rummel, R.J.
1970 Understanding Factor Analysis. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 11:444-479.
1975 Applied Factor Analysis. Evanston: Northwestern Univ. Press.

Graphical Methods
Cleveland, William S., and Robert McGill
1985 Graphical Perception and Graphical Methods for Analyzing Scientific Data. Science 229:828-833.

Chambers, John M., W.S. Cleveland, B. Kleiner, and P.A. Tukey
1983 Graphical Methods for Data Analysis. NY: Chapman & Hall.

Tufte, Edward R.
1983 The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.

Tukey, J.W.
1958 Bias and Confidence in Not Quite Large Samples. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 29:614.
1977 Exploratory Data Analysis. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Wilkinson, Leland
1997 Cognitive Science and Graphic Design. In SYSTAT 7.0 Graphics. Chicago: SPSS.

Guttman Scaling
Goodenough, Ward H.
1963 Some Applications of Guttman Scale Analysis to Ethnography and Culture Theory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 19:235-250.

Life History Analysis
Allison, Paul D.
1984  Event History Analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

 Yamaguchi, Kazuo
1991 Event History Analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Linear Programming
Chvatal, Vasek
1983 Linear Programming. San Francisco: Freeman.

Feiring, B.R.
1986 Linear Programming. An Introduction. Sage University Paper, 60. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Measurement
Bernal, Henrietta, S. Wooley, and J. Schensul
1997  The Challenge of Using Likert-Type Scales with Low-Literature Ethnic Populations.  Nursing Research 46:179-181.

Handwerker, W. Penn
1996 Constructing and Testing Single Measures of Multidimensional Variables. CAM 8:1-7.

Mincy, R.B., I.V. Sawhill, and D.A. Wolf
1990 The Underclass: Definition and Measurement. Science 248:450-453.

Webb, E.J., Campbell, D.T., Schwartz, R.D., and L. Sechrest.
1966 Unobtrusive Measures. Chicago: Rand-McNally.

Measurement Error
Berk, Richard A.
1983  An Introduction to Sample Selection Bias in Sociological Data.  American Sociological Review 48:386-398,

Berk, Richard A. and Subhash C. Ray
1982  Selection Biases in Sociological Data.  Social Science Research 11:352-398.

Bernard, H.R., P. Killworth, D. Kronenfeld, and L. Sailer
1984 The Problem of Informant Accuracy: The Validity of Retrospective Data. Annual Review of Anthropology 13:495-517.

Moffitt, Robert
1991  Program Evaluation with Nonexperimental Data.  Evaluation Review 15:291-314.

Muthen, Bengt, and K.G. Joreskog
1983  Selectivity Problems in Quasi-Experimental Studies.  Evaluation Review 7:139-174.

Thomas, Duncan, Daniel Stram, and James Dwyer
1993 Exposure Measurement Error: Influence on Exposure-Disease Relationships and Methods of Correction. Annual Review of Public Health 14:69-93.

McNabb, Steven
1990 The Uses of "Inaccurate" Data. American Anthropologist 92:116-129.

Multidimensional Scaling (MDS)
Kruskal, J.B. and M. Wish
1978 Multidimensional Scaling. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Numerical Transforms
Bracewell, R.N.
1990 Numerical transforms. Science 248:697-704.

OLS Multiple Regression
Belsley, D.A., Kuh, E., and Welsch, R.E.
1980 Regression Diagnostics. NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Gujarati, D.N.
1995 Basic Econometrics. NY:McGraw-Hill.

Odland, John
1988 Spatial Autocorrelation. Scientific Geography Series, Volume 9. Newbury Park: Sage.

Panel Data
Markus, G.B.
1979 Analyzing Panel Data. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Statistical Tests
Edginton, E.S.
1980 Randomization Tests. NY: Marcel Dekker.

Efrom, Bradley, and Robert Tibshirani.
1991 Statistical Data Analysis in the Computer Age. Science 253:390-395.

Mooney, C.Z., and R.D. Duval
1993 Bootstrapping. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences 95. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Quadratic Assignment Procedures (QAP)
Hubert, L. and J. Schultz
1976 Quadratic Assignment as a General Data Analysis Strategy. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 29: 190-241.

Nakao, Keiko, and A. Kimball Romney
1984 A Method for Testing Alternative Theories. American Anthropologist 86:668-673.